Professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation, often called simply certification or qualification, is a designation earned by a person to assure qualification to perform a job or task. Many certifications are used as post-nominal letters Post-nominal letters, also called post-nominal initials or post-nominal titles, are letters placed after the name of a person to indicate that the individual holds a position, educational degree, accreditation, office, or honour. An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters. The order in which these are listed after a name indicating an earned privilege from an oversight professional body A professional association is a non-profit organization seeking to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession, and the public interest acting to safeguard the public interest.

Overview

Certifications are earned from a Professional society A professional association is a non-profit organization seeking to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession, and the public interest and, in general, must be renewed periodically, or may be valid for a specific period of time (e.g., the life-time of the product upon which the individual is certified). As a part of a complete renewal of an individual's certification, it is common for the individual to show evidence of continued learning — often termed continuing education Continuing education is an all-encompassing term within a broad spectrum of post-secondary learning activities and programs. The term is used mainly in the United States and Canada. Recognized forms of post-secondary learning activities within the domain include: degree credit courses by non-traditional students, non-degree career training, — or earning continuing education units A Continuing Education Unit is a measure used in continuing education programs, particularly those required in a licensed profession in order for the professional to maintain the license. Examples of people who need CEUs include architects, engineers, educators, nurses, mental health professionals, and social workers. Generally, a CEU is defined (CEU).

Powerful forces—-the professionals themselves—-work to keep certification substantial and worthwhile. Most certification programs are created, sponsored, or affiliated with professional associations and trade organizations interested in raising standards. Even those programs completely independent from membership organizations enjoy association support and endorsement...

The growth of certification programs is also a reaction to the changing employment market. Certifications are portable, since they do not depend on one company's definition of a certain job. Certification stands about the resume and the professional reference by being an impartial, third-party endorsement of an individual's professional knowledge and experience. Certification allows individuals to participate in their own professional destiny^[1].

It is important to note that certifications are usually earned from a professional society or educational institute, not the government. If a demonstration of ability or knowledge is required by law before being allowed to perform a task or job, this is referred to as licensure Licensure refers to the granting of a license, which gives a 'permission to practice.' Such licenses are usually issued in order to regulate some activity that is deemed to be dangerous or a threat to the person or the public or which involves a high level of specialized skill. The danger and skill elements inspire governments not to allow a free-. In the United States, professional licenses In the United States, the state governments have jurisdiction for issuing most professional licenses to individuals and corporations are usually issued by state agencies. The assessment process is often similar, even the same; certification and licensure differ only in terms of legal status.

Certifications are very common in aviation Aviation is the activity involving man-made air-borne flying devices , including the people, organizations, and regulatory bodies involved with them, construction In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer,, technology Technology deals with human as well as other animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its natural environment. The word technology comes from the Greek technología — téchnē (τέχνη), 'craft' and -logía (-λογία), the study of something, or the branch of, and other industrial sectors This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry. Many of these industries consume large quantities of energy and require factories and, as well as health care Health care , is the treatment and management of illnesses of the elderly, and the preservation of health through services offered by the medical, dental, complementary and alternative medicine, pharmaceutical, clinical sciences (in vitro diagnostics), nursing, and allied health professions. Health care embraces all the goods and services designed, business A business is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods and/or services to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, most being privately owned and formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main and finance. In USA, the Federal Aviation Administration The Federal Aviation Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 created the group under the name "Federal Aviation Agency", and adopted its current name in 1967 when it became a part of the regulates aviator certifications.

The National Organization for Competency Assurance Established in 1977, the National Organization for Competency Assurance is the leader in setting quality standards for credentialing organizations. Through its annual conference, webinars, and publications, NOCA serves its membership as a clearing house for information on the latest trends and issues of concern to practitioners and organizations (NOCA) is a US-based organization that helps certification bodies, primarily in healthcare Health care , is the treatment and management of illnesses of the elderly, and the preservation of health through services offered by the medical, dental, complementary and alternative medicine, pharmaceutical, clinical sciences (in vitro diagnostics), nursing, and allied health professions. Health care embraces all the goods and services designed and related fields, by providing them with information on the latest trends and issues of concern to practitioners and organizations focused on certification, obtaining licenses, and human resource development. Many members of the Association of Test Publishers The Association of Test Publishers is an established non-profit trade association representing providers of tests and assessment tools and/or services related to assessment, selection, screening, certification, licensing, educational or clinical uses. Members of the association are committed to promote and advance the integrity of assessment (ATP) are also certification organizations.

Types of certifications

There are three general types of certification. Listed in order of development level and portability, they are: corporate (internal), product-specific, and profession-wide.

Corporate, or internal certifications, are made by a corporation A corporation is an institution that is granted a charter recognizing it as a separate legal entity having its own rights, privileges, and liabilities distinct from those of its members. There are many different forms of corporations, most of which are used to conduct business or low-stakes organization for internal purposes. For example, a corporation might require a one-day training course for all sales personnel, after which they receive a certificate. While this certificate has limited portability - to other corporations, for example - it also is the simplest to develop.

Product-specific certifications are more involved, and are intended to be referenced to a product across all applications. This approach is very prevalent in the information technology Information technology , as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to (IT) industry, where personnel are certified on a version of software Computer software, or just software is a general term primarily used for digitally stored data such as computer programs and other kinds of information read and written by computers. Today, this includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes and records. The term was coined in order to contrast to the or hardware. This type of certification is portable across locations (for example, different corporations that use that software), but not across other products.

The most general type of certification is profession-wide. In order to apply professional standards, increase the level of practice, and possibly protect the public (though this is also the domain of licensure Licensure refers to the granting of a license, which gives a 'permission to practice.' Such licenses are usually issued in order to regulate some activity that is deemed to be dangerous or a threat to the person or the public or which involves a high level of specialized skill. The danger and skill elements inspire governments not to allow a free-), a professional organization might establish a certification. This is intended to be portable to all places a certificant might work. Of course, this generalizability increases the cost of such a program; the process to establish a legally defensible assessment of an entire profession is very extensive. An example of this is a certified public accountant Certified Public Accountant is the statutory title of qualified accountants in the United States who have passed the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and have met additional state education and experience requirements for certification as a CPA. Individuals who have passed the Exam but have not either accomplished the required on-, who would not be certified for just one corporation or one piece of accountancy Accountancy is the art of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The communication is generally in the form of financial statements that show in money terms the economic resources under the control of management. It is the branch of mathematical science that is useful in discovering software but for general work in the profession.

Areas of certification

In accountancy

Accountants An Accountant is a practitioner of accountancy, which is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information that helps managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions are the accountancy Accountancy is the art of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The communication is generally in the form of financial statements that show in money terms the economic resources under the control of management. It is the branch of mathematical science that is useful in discovering and financial Finance is the science of funds management. The general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance. Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money. The field of finance deals with the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is spent and budgeted experts that are legally certified in different jurisdictions to work only in public practices, selling advice and services to other individuals and businesses. Today, however, many work within private corporations, financial industry, and government bodies. There are many professional bodies for accountants throughout the world; some of them are legally recognized in their jurisdictions.

Accounting

British qualified accountants British qualified accountants are full voting members of United Kingdom examining bodies that evaluate individual experience and test competencies for accountants. Qualified accountants fall into two categories: members of Chartered and non-Chartered bodies:

• ACA, FCA or CA (Chartered Accountant Chartered Accountants were the first accountants to form a professional body, initially established in Britain in 1854. The Edinburgh Society of Accountants , the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries (1854) and the Aberdeen Society of Accountants (1867) were each granted a royal charter almost from their inception. The title is an) conferred by Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW), the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS), and the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI)
• ACMA or FCMA (Associate or Fellow Chartered Management Accountant) conferred by Chartered Institute of Management Accountants The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants is a UK based professional body offering training and qualification in management accountancy and related subjects, focused on accounting for business; together with ongoing support for members* Associate or Fellow Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA or FCCA) conferred by Association of Chartered Certified Accountants The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants is a British accountancy body which offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 131,500 members and 362,000 affiliates and students in 170 countries (as at
• AAIA or FAIA (Associate or Fellow International Accountant) conferred by Association of International Accountants The Association of International Accountants was founded in the UK in 1928 as a professional accountancy body and from conception has promoted the concept of ‘international accounting’ to create a global network of accountants in over 85 countries worldwide

American qualified accountants

• CPA (Certified Public Accountant Certified Public Accountant is the statutory title of qualified accountants in the United States who have passed the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and have met additional state education and experience requirements for certification as a CPA. Individuals who have passed the Exam but have not either accomplished the required on-) conferred by American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
• CIA (Certified Internal Auditor Established in 1941, The Institute of Internal Auditors is a guidance-setting body. Serving members in 165 countries, The IIA is the internal audit profession's global voice, chief advocate, recognized authority, and principal educator, with global headquarters in Altamonte Springs, Fla., United States) conferred by Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)
• CCSA (Certification in Control Self Assessment)

There are non-statutory accountancy qualifications that are established by the industries, such as:

• CMA (Certified Management Accountant The Institute of Management Accountants' Certified Management Accountant (CMA) certification is a comprehensive credentialing program that assesses mastery of the management accounting and financial management body of knowledge. Subject matter includes economics, corporate finance, cost management, internal controls, performance measurement,) conferred by Institute of Certified Management Accountants (ICMA in Australia), Institute of Management Accountants (IMA in US)
• CCA (Chartered Cost Accountant Chartered Cost Accountant is a cost accounting or cost control professional designation offered by the American Academy of Financial Management. The CCA is a Graduate Post Nominal that is only available for accountants with an accredited degree, MBA, CPA, Chartered Accountant License, law degree, PhD or specialized executive training. The CCA is) designation from the American Academy of Financial Management The American Academy of Financial Management is a Board of Standards and certifying body dedicated to the finance sector and finance professionals. The AAFM was founded in 1996 through a merger of the American Academy of Financial Management & Analysts and the Founders Advisory Committee of the Original Tax and Estate Planning Law Review of (AAFM)
• CCC (Chartered Cost Controller) conferred by the American Academy of Financial Management The American Academy of Financial Management is a Board of Standards and certifying body dedicated to the finance sector and finance professionals. The AAFM was founded in 1996 through a merger of the American Academy of Financial Management & Analysts and the Founders Advisory Committee of the Original Tax and Estate Planning Law Review of (AAFM)
• CFE (Certified Fraud Examiner Certified Fraud Examiner is a designation awarded by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). The ACFE is a 41,000 member-based global association dedicated to providing anti-fraud education and training) conferred by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Established in 1988 the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners is the professional organization that governs professional fraud examiners. Its activities include producing fraud information, tools and training. It also governs the professional designation of Certified Fraud Examiner (ACFE)

Finance

Personal Finance

• CFMP (Certified Financial Management Planner) conferred by The Hong Kong Institute of Bankers (HKIB)
• CFP (Certified Financial Planner The Certified Financial Planner designation is a professional certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of) conferred by Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards
• CWM (Chartered Wealth Manager) founded and conferred by the American Academy of Financial Management]] (AAFM)

Information Technology

• CITP (Chartered IT Professional) Founded and issued by (British Computer Society BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT is a professional body and a learned society that represents those working in Information Technology. Established in 1957, it is the largest United Kingdom-based professional body for computing, which was formerly known as the British Computer Society)

Public Finance Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities, and with the administration and design of those activities. The field is often divided into questions of what the government or collective organizations should do or are doing, and questions of how to pay for those activities. The broader term

• CCMT A Certified California Municipal Treasurer is a post-nominal professional certification awarded by the California Municipal Treasurers Association (CMTA) to California public treasurers who meet standards of education, experience and a stated commitment to a code of ethics. It was created in 1978 to provide a professional standard of financial (Certified California Municipal Treasurer A Certified California Municipal Treasurer is a post-nominal professional certification awarded by the California Municipal Treasurers Association (CMTA) to California public treasurers who meet standards of education, experience and a stated commitment to a code of ethics. It was created in 1978 to provide a professional standard of financial) conferred by California Municipal Treasurers Association The treasurer of a public agency is elected by the voting public or are appointed staff. Public treasurers are primarily responsible for managing the revenue and cash flow of the agency. This officer is also responsible for banking, collections of user fees such as utility usage and business licenses, and communicating financial performance and (CMTA)
• CGAP (Certified Government Auditing Professional) conferred by Institute of Internal Auditors
• CGFM A Certified Government Financial Manager is a professional post-nominal certification issued by the Association of Government Accountants (AGA). It was created in 1994 to provide a professional standard of financial expertise and ethics in government and a standard by which government financial management professionals are measured. Its education, (Certified Government Financial Manager A Certified Government Financial Manager is a professional post-nominal certification issued by the Association of Government Accountants (AGA). It was created in 1994 to provide a professional standard of financial expertise and ethics in government and a standard by which government financial management professionals are measured. Its education,) conferred by Association of Government Accountants The Association of Government Accountants was founded on September 14, 1950. AGA serves Federal, State and local government accounting professionals by providing education, encouraging professional development, providing Government Accounting certification, and supporting standards and research to advance government accountability (AGA)
• CGFO (Certified Government Finance Officer) conferred by Government Finance Officers Association of Texas The Government Finance Officers Association of Texas is a professional association of state, county, and local government finance officers in Texas. The Government Finance Officers Association of Texas is the statewide organization serving all Texas municipal finance professionals, an affiliate of the nation-wide Government Finance Officers (GFOAT)
• CMA (Certified Management Accountant The Institute of Management Accountants' Certified Management Accountant (CMA) certification is a comprehensive credentialing program that assesses mastery of the management accounting and financial management body of knowledge. Subject matter includes economics, corporate finance, cost management, internal controls, performance measurement,) conferred by Institute of Management Accountants
• CPFO (Certified Public Finance Officer) conferred by Government Finance Officers Association
• CPFA (Certified Public Finance Administrator) conferred by Association of Public Treasurers of the United States and Canada (APTUSC)

In aviation

Aviators (Aviation Pilots) are certified through theoretical and in-flight examinations. Requirements for certifications are quite equal in most countries and regulated by each National Aviation Authority. The existing certificates or pilot licenses are:

• PPL (Private Pilot License) conferred by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) or JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities)
• CPL (Commercial Pilot Licence) conferred by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) or JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities)
• ATP (Airline Transport Pilot)conferred by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) or JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities)

Licensing in these categories require not only examinations but also a minimum of flight hours. All categories are available for Fixed-Wing Aircraft (airplanes) and Rotatory-Wing Aircraft (helicopters). Within each category, aviators may also obtain certifications in:

• Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)
• Multiengine aircraft
• Turbojet Engines
• Jet Engines
• Experimental aircraft
• Amphibious aircraft
• Seaplanes

Usually, aviators must be certified also in their log books for the type and model of aircraft they are allowed to fly. Currency checks as well as regular medical check-ups with a frequency of 6 months, 12 months, or 36 months, depending on the type of flying permitted, are obligatory . An aviator can fly only if holding:

• A valid pilot license
• A valid medical certificate
• Valid certifications for the type of aircraft and type of flight.

In Europe, the ANSP, ATCO & ANSP technicians are certified according to ESARRs [1] (according to EU regulation 2096/2004 "Common Requirements").

In business

see main article at Professional certification (Business)

In chiropractic

see main article at List of Chiropractic Credentials

In computer technology

see main article at Professional certification (Computer technology)

Certification is often used in the professions of software engineering and information technology.

In economic development

The International Economic Development Council, IEDC,^[2] based in Washington, D.C. recognizes economic developers around the world who have achieved a level of excellence in their understanding of the tools and programs of economic development. In order to become a Certified Economic Developer (CEcD) one must sit through the exam and fulfill a number of requirements [^[3]]

Other professional certifications include certifications such as medical licenses, Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, nursing board certification, diplomas in social work. The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists that are knowledgeable about principles of geriatric pharmacotherapy and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the elderly. The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies administers a voluntary accreditation program for law enforcement agencies.

See also

• Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists
• Fellow of the American College of Emergency Physicians
• Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians
• Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons
• Membership of the College of Emergency Medicine
• Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology
• American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography

In language teaching

TESOL is a large field of employment with widely-varying degrees of regulation. Most provision worldwide is through the state school system of each individual country, and as such the instructors tend to be trained primary- or secondary school teachers that are native speakers of the language of their pupils, not English. Though native speakers of English have been working in non-English speaking countries in this capacity for years, it was not until the last twenty-five years or so that there was any widespread focus on training particularly for this field. Previously, workers in this sort of job were anyone from backpackers hoping to earn some extra travel money to well-educated professionals in other fields doing volunteer work, or retired people. These sort of people are certainly still to be found, but there are many who consider TESOL their main profession.

One of the problems facing these full-time teachers is the absence of international governing body for the certification or licenture of English language teachers. However, Cambridge University and its subsidiary body UCLES are pioneers in trying to get some degree of accountability and quality control to consumers of English courses, through their CELTA and DELTA programs. Trinity College, London has roughly equivalent programs, the CertTESOL and the LTCL DipTESOL. They offer initial certificates in teaching, in which candidates are trained in language awareness and classroom techniques, and given a chance to practice teaching, after which feedback is reported. Both institutions have as a follow-up a professional diploma, usually taken after a year or two in the field. Although the initial certificate is available to anyone with a high school education, the diploma is meant to be a post-graduate qualification and in fact can be incorporated into a Master's degree program.

In legal affairs

An increasing number of lawyers are choosing to be recognized as having special knowledge and experience by becoming certified specialists in certain fields of law. According to the American Bar Association, a lawyer that is a certified specialist has been recognized by an independent professional certifying organization as having an enhanced level of skill and expertise, as well as substantial involvement in an established legal specialty. These organizations require a lawyer to demonstrate special training, experience and knowledge to ensure that the lawyer's recognition as a certified specialist is meaningful and reliable. Lawyer conduct with regard to specialty certification is regulated by the states.

NBLSC is an American Bar Association (ABA) accredited organization providing Board Certification for US Lawyers. Board Certification is a rigorous testing and approval process that officially recognizes the extensive education and courtroom experience of attorneys. NBLSC provides Board Certification for [Trial Lawyers] & Trial Attorneys, Civil Lawyers, Criminal Lawyers, Family Lawyers and Social Security Disability Lawyers.

In logistics & transport

Logistician is the Profession in the logistics & transport sectors, including sea, air, land and rail modes. Professional qualification for logisticians usually carry post-nominal letters. Common examples include:

• MILT (Member Institute of Logistics and Transport) conferred by The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT)^[4],
• CMILT (Chartered Member, Institute of Logistics and Transport) conferred by The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT)
• FCILT (Chartered Fellow, Institute of Logistics and Transport) conferred by The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT)
• CPL/CTP conferred by Transport & Logistics Certification Council (TLCC) of Australia,
• EJLog/ESLog/EMLog conferred by the European Logistics Association (ELA),
• CML/CPL conferred by the International Society of Logistics (SOLE),
• JrLog/Log/SrLog conferred by the China Federation of Logistics & Purchasing (CFLP),
• FHKLA/MHKLA conferred by the Hong Kong Logistics Association (HKLA),
• PLS/CTL/DLP conferred by the American Society of Transportation & Logistics (AST&L)
• CPIM/CSCP conferred by the Association for Operations Management (APICS),

In project management

Certification is of significant importance in the project management (PM) industry. Certification refers to the evaluation and recognition of the skills, knowledge, and/or competence of a practitioner in the field.

Project management certifications come in a variety of flavors:

• Competence-based programs wherein an individual must provide evidence of actual, on-the-job performance
• Knowledge-based programs wherein an individual must pass an exam
• Experience-based programs wherein an individual must provide evidence of training or education in the field.

PM organizations which run certification programmes include:

• American Academy of Project Management AAPM
• Association for Project Management (APM)
• Australian Institute of Project Management (AIPM)
• CompTIA Project+
• The International Association of Project and Program Management.
• International Project Management Association (IPMA)
• International Project Management Commission (IPMC)
• Project Management Institute (PMI)
• Stanford University Advanced Project Management (SAPM)

In security

• ASIS International administers the Certified Protection Professional - Board-Certified in Security Management (CPP)
• ASIS International administers the Physical Security Professional, Board-Certified (PSP)
• ASIS International administers the Professional Certified Investigator, Board-Certified (PCI)
• Association of Certified Fraud Examiners administers the Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE)
• International Foundation of Protection Officers administers the Certified Protection Officer (CPO)
• Society of Payment Security Professionals (SPSP) administers the Certified Payment-Card Industry Security Manager

Other applications

• The American Academy of Environmental Engineers board certifies licensed environmental engineers (Board Certified Environmental Engineer--BCEE) and unlicensed environmental engineering practitioners (Board Certified Environmental Engineering Member--BCEEM) for those with a degree in engineering and at least 8 years of practice and responsible charge in environmental engineering.
• Help Desk Institute certifies for the Help desk service industry
• The Council-certified Indoor Environmental Consultant (CIEC) certification covers a wide range of indoor environmental quality disciplines focusing on managing indoor environmental quality in relation to building design, maintenance and operations to ensure an optimal environment for building occupants.

Criticisms

Computer technologies

The current proliferation of IT certifications (both offered and attained)^{[citation needed]}, like the FSI's IT baseline protection certification, has led some technologists to question their value. Proprietary content that has been distributed on the Internet allows some to gain credentials without the implied depth or breadth of expertise. Certifying agencies have responded in various ways: Some now incorporate hands-on elements, anti-cheating methodologies or have expanded their content. Others have expired and restructured their certificate programs, and/or raised their fees to deter abuse.

Certification programs that take into account length of service, and demonstrated experience, via industry peer and/or employer recommendation avoid some of the issues associated with purely passing an examinations; however, certification remains a contentious issue.

Also, most professional certifications require a criminal record check for the certification to be approved. The presence of a criminal history when applying for certification may be grounds for denial of certification.

See also

• Academic Inflation
• Product certification
• European professional qualification directives
• Homologation
• Nursing board certification
• An alphabetical listing of Professional certifications
• Requirements for becoming a president

References

1. ^ Phillip Barnhart, The Guide to National Professional Certification Programs (1997), HRD Press. ISBN 0849399602 Retrieved electronically 07-07-2009
2. ^ International Economic Development Council
3. ^ International Economic Development Council
4. ^ How to Become a Chartered Member, CILT

External links

• NOCA: What is Certification?

Categories: Professional certification | Standards

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• Professional Certification
• Profession
• Professionalization
• Professional Development
• Professional Association

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