A learned society is an organization An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. The word itself is derived from the Greek word ὄργανον (organon [itself derived from the better-known word ἔργον ergon - work; deed - > ergonomics, etc]) meaning tool that exists to promote an academic discipline or group of disciplines. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election, as is the case with the oldest learned societies, such as the Polish Poland /ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana was an international academic society modelled after the Roman Academy, founded around 1488 in Cracow by Conrad Celtes, a German humanist scholar who in other areas founded several similar societies (founded 1488), the Italian Accademia dei Lincei The Accademia dei Lincei, , is an Italian science academy, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy (founded 1603), the Académie Française L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution, it was restored in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte. However, (founded 1635), the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina Historically it was known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared the national academy of Germany by the German government (founded 1652) or the Royal Society of London The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science, and is arguably the oldest such society in existence. Formally founded on 15 July 1662 by Royal Charter as the "Royal Society of London", the Society was initially an extension of the "Invisible (founded 1660).
Most learned societies are non-profit organizations A nonprofit organization is an organization that does not distribute its surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead uses them to help pursue its goals . Examples of NPOs include charities (i.e. charitable organizations) , trade unions, and public arts organizations. Most governments and government agencies meet this definition, but in. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences An academic conference is a conference for researchers to present and discuss their work. Together with academic or scientific journals, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring academic journals An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies A professional association is a non-profit organization seeking to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession, and the public interest, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Learned societies are of key importance in the sociology of science The sociology of scientific knowledge involves the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing "with the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity." It consists of studying the development of a scientific field and identfying points of contingency or. The formation of a society is an important step in the emergence of a new discipline or sub-discipline.
Societies can be very general in nature, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science The American Association for the Advancement of Science is an international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation between scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity. It is the world's, specific to a given discipline, such as the Modern Language Association The Modern Language Association of America is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature." It has "30,000 members in 100 countries," primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate, or specific to a given area of study, such as the American Association of Professors of Yiddish.
Most are either specific to a particular country (though they generally include some members from other countries as well), often with local branches, or are international, such as the International Federation of Library Associations The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions is the leading international association of library organisations. It is the global voice of the library and information profession, and its annual conference provides a venue for librarians to learn from one another. The IFLA forum promotes international cooperation, research (IFLA) or the Regional Studies Association The Regional Studies Association is a major international learned society that is concerned with the analysis of regions and regional issues. Through its international membership, the RSA provides an authoritative voice of, and network for, academics, students, practitioners, policy makers and interested lay people in the field of regional studies, in which case they often have national branches. But many are local, such as the Massachusetts Medical Society The Massachusetts Medical Society is the oldest continuously-operating state medical society in the United States. Incorporated on November 1, 1781, by an act of the Massachusetts General Court, the MMS is a non-profit organization that consists of approximately 22,000 physicians, medical students and residents. It is currently based in Waltham,, the publishers of the internationally known New England Journal of Medicine The New England Journal of Medicine is an English-language peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is the oldest continuously published medical journal in the world, and is the most widely read, cited, and influential general medical periodical in the world.
Some learned societies (such as the Royal Society of New Zealand Modelled after the London-based Royal Society, the Wellington-based Royal Society of New Zealand was founded in 1851 and is the premier learned society in New Zealand. Currently constituted under the Royal Society of New Zealand Act 1997 the RSNZ exists to:) have been refounded by legislation to form quasi non-governmental organizations Quango or qango is an acronym used notably in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and elsewhere to label colloquially an organisation to which government has devolved power. In the United Kingdom the official term is "non-departmental public body" or NDPB.
Membership
Some societies offer membership to those who have an interest in a particular subject or discipline, provided they pay their membership fees. Older and more academic/professional societies may offer associateships and/or fellowships to those who are appropriately qualified by honoris causa, or by submission of a portfolio of work or an original thesis. The most frequent benefit of membership is a sharply discounted subscription rate for the publications of the society.
See also
- Academic conferences An academic conference is a conference for researchers to present and discuss their work. Together with academic or scientific journals, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers
- Engineering society An engineering society is a professional organization for engineers of various disciplines. Some are umbrella type organizations which accept many different disciplines, while others are discipline-specific. Many award professional designations, such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer or similar. There are also
- List of learned societies Categories: Lists of organizations | Learned societies
- Scholarly Societies in India
- Professional association A professional association is a non-profit organization seeking to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession, and the public interest
- Category:Members of learned societies Categories: Academics | Learned societies | Members of organizations
External links
- Scholarly Societies Project from the University of Waterloo Libraries -- database of hundreds of scholarly societies in various fields, including some of the oldest societies
- Eclectica, virtual exhibit on the history of Canadian learned societies.
Categories: Learned societies Categories: Academic institutions | Clubs and societies | Types of organization | Clubs and societies Categories: Society | Organizations by activity | Organizations by type | Interpersonal relationships
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His mother married a Nigerian when he was a child, his stepfather adopted him and they moved to Osogbo in Osun State - where he grew up and learned to ...
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students or teachers specific schools school districts geographic regions in the country state or national government agencies and the American school system Figure 3 Percentage of learned societies that target each population or system
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the dark chapters of our government's history: "In all institutions from which the cold wind of open criticism is excluded, an innocent corruption begins to grow like a mushroomA -- for example, in senates and . learned societies. ."
